Low Cost Airlines Strategy - 7730 Words

| Airlines Low Cost Industry | | | | | | Situation It’s a chilly winter evening in Bangalore and Vijay Mallya looks out of the window with a Kingfisher Beer pint in his hand. He looks out at the reddish horizon and contemplates the future of his airlines - The Kingfisher Airlines. He has recently bought the first low cost carrier in India, Air Deccan. With the sale of Air Deccan, the industry has seen a correction of sorts, in terms of the cost of travel. With increasing oil rates and the turmoil that the airlines’ industry is currently in, Mallya needs to come up with a strategy to make best of the low cost carrier. He also needs to†¦show more content†¦Kingfisher airlines ranks second with 20% market share. NACIL (National Aviation Company Limited) which, was formed in 2007 with the merger of two national carriers Air India and Indian Airlines, captures 18.3% share. The airline with the largest fleet in the domestic market is Air India, but its market share of the number of passengers is low, and therefore results in a low fleet hare to passenger share ratio of 0.62. Kingfisher leads the full service carrier segment with a fleet to market share ratio of 0.95, but this also includes figures from their low cost Kingfisher Red service. Passenger market share leader Jet Airways is at 0.82 and this includes their low fare service Jet Konnect. For a better comparison between Jet and Kingfisher, if we add-up the numbers of Jets other low fare subsidiary JetLite, the total group ratio of Jet at 0.865 still remains well behind Kingfishers 0.95, suggesting a far more aggressive fleet utilisation strategy by Kingfisher. Expectedly, the low fare carrier side shows much higher ratios, due to their higher usage of aircraft and also the higher number of seats offered per flight due to an all-economy configuration. The laggard is JetLite with a ratio of 1 while SpiceJet and IndiGo are neck and neck at 1.75 and 1.76.However, GoAir, has an industry leading, fleet to passenger share ratio of 2.04. Clearly the airline has shaken off the demons ofShow MoreRelatedJetblue Airlines : The Low Cost Strategy1522 Words   |  7 Pages To begin with, jetBlue is known as the low cost airline which has low operating costs and also which makes effective use of technology and advertising. The airline tends to focus on serving those markets which have been underserved and markets which have average fares that are on the high side. Considering the fact that many of JetBlue’s top management has migrated from Southwest Airlines, they follow the low cost strategy which Southwest has established, but JetBlue tends to differentiate itselfRead MoreCompetitive Strategy for Low Cost Airlines4132 Words   |  17 PagesProceedings of the 13th Asia Pacific Management Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 2007, 431-436 Competitive Strategy for Low Cost Airlines Hongwei Jiang RMIT University, Australia Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify challenge faced to Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) or Low-Cost Airlines and provide new insights into the development and competitive strategy for LCCs. LCCs are still a relatively new phenomenon in Australia since Virgin Blue and Jetstar came to the market. 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AirAsia was listed in the KualaRead MoreEssay on Airline Industry1169 Words   |  5 PagesStrategy, Balanced Scorecard and Strategic Profitability Analysis (Custom Pub. Chap15) Based on the organisation that you have selected, you are required to describe the organisation’s mission, describe and classify the organisation’s strategy, and identify its‟ value proposition and core competencies. Using Porters Five Forces Framework illustrate these five forces for your organisation, and provide brief comments on how these forces they influence your organisation’s profit potential. UsingRead MoreLow Cost Airline1748 Words   |  7 PagesCompany profile | | Nok Air is a low cost airline in Thailand. Destinations of the flight are served within domestic with affordable price. Thai Airways International Public Company Limited holds 39% joint venture with the company. Thai Commercial Securities Co., Ltd. (Thai commercial banks. Co., Ltd. (Thailand), CPB Equity Company Limited (Crown Property Bureau) and other shareholders include Krung Thai Bank (Thailand) holds 10%, Dhipaya Insurance Company Limited (Thailand) holds 10%, PensionRead MoreMaximizing Customer Satisfaction1199 Words   |  5 Pagescustomers’ perception and try to deliver good service quality with suitable proportions of those components. According to the ranking of thirteen important attributes of low-cost airlines (Choon 2008), online questionnaires were specifically conducted to understand Thai customers’ expectation of each major components of domestic budget airlines in Thailand (Appendix x). The questionnaires were answered by 80 Thai respondents which comprise personal information in terms of geographic and product consumptionRead MoreBusiness Level Strategy of Airasia2120 Words   |  9 PagesBusiness-Level Strategy of Air Asia Introduction: Aviation, an industry where it is full of fluctuations, has always been affected by various factors. It is not uncommon to see aviation-related companies keep changing their own strategies to make ends meet. Overall the air industry in Asia has continuously growth recently and maintains a high level of ranking. Among the explosive growth in budget airlines market, Air Asia is obviously the typical example for further study with the most fleet sizesRead MoreAir Asia Introduction2566 Words   |  11 Pagesheavily indebted airline business from DRB-Hicom in 2001. AirAsia managed to become profitable and world renowned low-cost airline through visionary leadership and innovative business approach. Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) at Kuala Lumpur International is AirAsia’s first and main base. AirAsia is renowned as Malaysian low cost airline and Asia’s largest low fare, no frills airline. The airlines claims ‘No Admin Fee’, but has some fees for services which are free on other airlines. AirAsia slogan

The Dangers Of Not Following Traffic Laws - 1459 Words

Laci Richey Cause Number: T03513-16-05 July 1, 2016 The Dangers of Not Following Traffic Laws Driving is one of most dangerous things you will ever do. Driving remains the number one cause of death in the United States. Drivers put themselves and others at risk every time they get behind the wheel of their vehicle. The dangers increase when drivers fail to following traffic laws such as drinking and driving, speeding or texting while driving their vehicle. Driving is not a right, it is a privilege. You must follow traffic laws and demonstrate your ability to drive safely and cautiously on the roads. It is your own responsibility to be a safe and careful driver, not only for yourself but for other drivers you share the road with. If you fail to follow traffic laws you are not only putting yourself in a dangerous situation, you are putting others in danger as well. You also take the chance of traffic fines, having your license suspended or revoked or even worse, death. Traffic Laws: Traffic laws are designed and applied for your safety. They allow orderly and safe commutes between destinations. Traffic laws may be enforced by tickets, fines and even jail time for major violations such has driving under the influence. Road safety is important and by knowing the rules and practicing good driving skills, you help play a vital role in avoiding a crash. Speed limit laws are the most common traffic law in place. They let drivers know how fast or how slow they may drive inShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Law Enforcement1538 Words   |  7 PagesDangers of Law Enforcement Mason Robinette 1st Block Travis D. Manley 4/16/2015 Dangers of Law Enforcement Policing, even though it may not look as rough or as dangerous as it seems on the television, is a very dangerous job. Police officers face many dangers daily, in their jobs. They never really know the outcomes of any situation they get called in to. 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Contract adaptation under legal constraints - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Contract adaptation under legal constraints. Answer: Introduction Development of a property is an intensive task that requires a lot of research and specification analysis in order to reach a successful completion. There are different factors that are significant in the successful project completion and the factors that are evaluated at the beginning of implementation of the project life cycle has the highest influence of the project and its related outcomes (Kerzner 2013). In any project, the client is the key decision maker and therefore, presence of proper feedback path is necessary throughout the implementation of the project. Proper decision-making plays a key role in proper development of any project and largely affects the viability of any project. Therefore, it can certainly be said that there are certain factors that influences the proper implementation of the project. These factors can be termed as the project success criteria or variables that measure the success of a project. These criteria mainly affect and evaluate the size, complexit y, duration, type and requirement of the stakeholders associated with the project. The success criteria of the project refer to some measurable and non-measurable items. The essay discusses the different factors that contribute to the successful development of the project (Sears et al. 2015). Project inception or the planning phase is an important phase of any project development life cycle. The primary goal of a project is to gain the stakeholders consensus and evaluate the different requirements and objectives of the project. This project is undertaken in order to develop a property. The property is to be constructed by properly evaluating the different criteria specified by the client (Walker 2015). This project scope phase of the construction project management is responsible for setting up of realistic project goals that the entire project team will adhere to throughout the project implementation phase (Fageha and Aibinu 2013). The essay discusses the overall viability of the p roject that is associated with the construction of Salamander resort and Spa, by analyzing the overall viability of the project. Client Brief Details The project is based on a company that is formed in the 2005. The client for this project is Salamander Development, LLC. The main major goal of the client is to develop a project that will provide its clients unforgettable experiences. The company mainly specializes on management of the luxury hotels and resorts and this project aims at developing similar resort. The main focus of the client is to gain customer satisfaction thorough the project. The major funding of this project comes from the company Salamander Hospitality. Since the project size is considerably large, the company is aiming to develop the project in such a manner that will minimize the cost impact of the changes on the overall project. The owner of this project expects a high quality product that will serve the needs of its clients. Therefore, a contractor is hired for the project that will look after the entire constructional work associated with the project. For this, the cost and schedule of the project is needed to be estimated before the initiation of the project in order to implement the project successfully. General estimate of the costs are used for iteration in the later phases of the project. The cost and schedule of the project is estimated by evaluating the requirements that is gathered in the requirement analysis phase of the project life cycle (Pritchard 2013). However, considering the size of this project, it is not always possible to schedule the entire project at the project initiation phase. The schedule of the project must be accurate in order to reduce the number of errors in the execution or implementation stage of the project life cycle. The client expects a proper cost estimation and feasibility analysis of the project in order to eliminate the risk of change in project scope and delay in the project at the later stages of the project life cycle. For this, certain techniques of cost estimation are applied. These techniques include parametric estimation where the statistical modeling is used to develop the cost estimate of the project (Fewings 2013). This method mainly uses historical data of key cost drivers that helps in proper estimation of the project cost. Bottom up estimation is another technique employed for proper cost estimation of a project. It uses the estimates of the individual work packages, which are summarized in ord er to estimate the cost of the project accurately. Three-point estimate on the other hand uses the concept of program evaluation and review technique in order to define an approximate cost of the project. Other techniques include the cost of quality technique, different project management software and vendor bid analysis. Use of these tools and techniques is prevalent in project management. The type of contract that the project is likely to follow is determined in this step. This is essential for planning the project and setting up the schedule of the project by consulting with the contractor appointed for the project (Burke 2013). Key Objectives of the selected Project The objectives of this project are to design and develop a proper constructional project that meets the requirement of the client. The planning phase of the project is important in ensuring the success of the project. The key objectives of the project include development of 168 guestrooms, restaurants, conference facilities, a ball room and so on in order to provide effective services to its customers. The project management process for this project has given a proper emphasis on the project planning stage in order to eliminate the chances of project failure or the project facing delays. An architect is appointed for the project in order to plan and design the project according to the specification of the client. The construction site is located at Middleburg, VA and proper methodologies are appointed for managing this project and developing this organization according to the requirements. Stakeholders Analysis Stakeholders generally refer to the individual group or an organization, who are a major part of the project and is largely affected by the outcome of the project. The major stakeholders associated with the project include: the client, salamander development, the project manager appointed for the project and the builder of constructional works, the heritage consultant, the acoustic builder, the designer, the quality manager appointed for the project, the cost planning manager and the site engineer apart from the laborers and the workers. The stakeholder engagement plan was laid at the project initiation phase, which is important in order to manage the stakeholders throughout the project life cycle. The stakeholder engagement plan for the project are elaborated below- Stakeholder Preferred Communication Method Role Project Phase of Interest Internal orExternal to Project Power (1 - low to 5 - high) Interest (1 - low to 5 - high) Heritage Consultant Email Project Monitoring Planning and implementation External 4 4 Client, Builder Project Manager Email and phone Project supervision Implementation Internal 4 5 Acoustic engineer Email and phone Project implementation Implementation phase External 4 3 Project Manager Email and phone Project planning, execution and closure Entire project life cycle Internal 5 3 Cost Planning Manager Email and phone Project cost estimation Implementation phase Internal 5 4 Construction Site Manager Email Project Initiation Project initiation and project planning phase External 4 3 Construction Manager appointed for the project Email, phone and meetings Project Implementation Entire project life cycle External 5 4 Concept and viability The space provisions for the constructional work are evaluated at the inception phase of the project. The project is located in Middleburg, Virginia, to the west of Washington DC. The preferred methods of construction are further decided in the early planning phases of the project. The method of construction used in this project includes use of stone faade in the main entrance apart from using the masonry and brick construction. The constructional works of the project needs recycling of the waste products of the constructional site, the wastes are to be collected from the site and removed by a third party company in order to transfer it to the recycling plant. The materials needed for the constructional site includes cement render, bricks, marble, plaster and gypsum board, paint, wall covering, carpet and so on. Resource planning of the project is also done in the project initiation phase that ensures proper availability of the resources while the project implementation. An architect is appointed for the project to look after all the technical and the functional designing characteristics of the project. Development of a constructional project is associated with the property rights in order to ensure that the project does not come under any legislative scrutiny. The anticipated project cost for this project is almost $93 million. The project program and the process of project management in planned in the project inception phase in order to submit a proper site development plan to the local authority. All these aspects of the project is discussed in the project briefing phase so that all the employees and the project team members have a clear knowledge about the project progress. The project manager and the construction manager generally conduct the project brief. This is necessary as the project brief mainly aims at verifying the priorities and objectives of the project. Another major aim of the project briefing is to ensure that the time and cost parameters of the project are aligned with the requirements of the client. In construction projects, the architectural preferences of the clients are considered as well. The project requirements identified for the project should be clarified with the client in order to determine the structure of the project. This is project structure is discussed in the project briefing in order to gather the contextual information. Furthermore, the briefing stage helps in establishing the building life span and flexibility requirements of the project. The project briefing further evaluates the building or construction site surveys, detailed information about the ground condition of the construction work place. Project briefing is important as it defines the final stage of project inception phase. The client being the key decision maker in any project, project briefing attempts to describe the project to the team members according to the clients point of view. The strategic project briefing is generally a part developed from the statement of need or scope statement of the project. It describes the clients requirements in detail that allows the appointment of the project resources in a proper way (Yu and Shen 2013). Master planning The functional requirement of the project consists of completion of the project within the set schedule. The project was originally aimed at to be completed in the year 2010. Demographic brief: The entire project work includes involvement of about 1000 labors and workers. The construction manager appointed for the project is in charge of the monitoring the entire constructional work. The designer or the architect appointed is responsible for developing a detailed architectural drawing of the project. The project manager appointed for the project is responsible for supervising the entire project work. Apart from this, the quality control manager and safety manger has a huge role in development of this project. Physical Legislative requirements: Legislative requirements refer to the regulations that the work activities of a constructional site must conform to (Hughes, Champion and Murdoch 2015). The legislative requirements relate to the employment law, the safety requirements of the labors and workers working on the construction site, building regulations requirements and environmental requirements. These requirements if not taken into consideration can have negative impact on a project such as delay in achieving the set milestone, financial proceedings and possible criminal proceedings as well (Zanarone 2012). Planning Scheme: The planning stages of a constructional project include evaluation of the project scope, cost and schedule estimation of the project, evaluation of the project risks and determination of the feasibility of the project. Feasibility stage Analyzing the project feasibility is important for properly shaping the project development. It is essential to ensure whether the project is feasible to be completed within the time given by the client. This is essential to clarify this before the project initiation. The project milestones are generally set on basis of the time allocated by the client in development of a project. However, the time allocated by the client is subjected to change on basis of the requirements identified for the project. The set milestone however, is needed to be strictly followed throughout the project life cycle. Therefore, performing the feasibility study of the project is essential for proper implementation of the project (Larson and Gray 2013). Market analysis: The market value of this project is high as it aims at building a luxury property. The location is appropriate and is capable of attracting a number of customers. Therefore, the development of this construction project is sure to yield positive results. Financial viability (ROI): The return of investment of this project is around 0.62 for this project. The financial viability of the project is represented below- Suitability of Plans: The project is thoroughly planned at the project inception phase and the entire project is carried out according to the plan. Risk Analysis: It is essential for any project to evaluate the risks associated with it in order to eliminate the risk. The risks that are mainly associated with a construction project includes technical risks, environmental risk, logistical risks, financial risks and so on. The risk management process followed during this project is represented below (Raftery 2003)- Figure 1: Representing the risk management process (Source: Raftery 2003) Schematic Design The schematic design of the Salamander Resort project are represented below- Figure 2: Representing the schematic design of the project Detailed Design The detailed project design included the selection of the preferred construction methods that would be followed throughout the project implementation. It includes evaluation of the certain conditions that include certain work scope in the project such as, the extent of demolition required, the structural steel frame, and requirement of the electrical system and so on (Walker, 2015). BOQ and Tender preparation and Tender action The bill of qualities and the render preparation of the project is prepared according to the standard methods of measurement. It is prepared according to the widely recognized methodology in order to prevent any ambiguities arising in the constructional work. The primary purpose of BOQ and tender preparation in the project is to enable all the contractors in tendering for a contract to price on same information. Proper tender preparation is essential for hiring effective contractors for the work. The tender for this project was prepared and drafted at the project initiation phase. The tender with the most suitable bid are selected for the project (Sears et al. 2015 ). Project planning The major aspect of project planning is setting up the environment on which the project has to be prepared. Setting up a project environment is essential for initiation the process of project implementation. In this phase the project member are made to understand the project requirements and the task they are needed to perform while implementing the task. Furthermore, a construction project involves many labors and workers who are needed to be briefed about the tasks they will be performing along with the milestone set for such task (Cooke and Williams 2013). The objective of the project should be clear among the team members in order to eliminate the risk of project not meeting the set objectives. Preparation of a project environment further helps in motivating the employees and the workers who are associated with a project. Since the size of a construction project is huge, it is essential to set up a working environment that will keep the workers and the employees motivated through out the project life cycle (Tang and Shen 2013). Furthermore, evaluation of the project risk is one of the major factors for shaping the project development. A risk register is maintained throughout the project in order to ensure or monitor that the project does not experience any risk. The risks that are identified should be mitigated with a highest priority. Project inception phase thus play a major role in successful implementation of a construction project (Alinaitwe, Apolot and Tindiwensi 2013). Operations on site and Construction The operations on the site of construction in the initial planning phases of the project include the project briefing. The project briefing in this project helped the project team members in proper understanding the requirements of the project. Discussing and defining the overall objective of the project is essential for understanding the different parameters of the project. The intended audience of the project briefing should include the entire project team members in order to eliminate the risk of communication gap within the project (Chou and Yang 2012). Project briefing is generally done at the beginning of the project so that the entire team has a clear idea about what is to be done in a project. The main purpose of the project brief is to define all the project objectives, scope, deliverables budget and project schedule so that the project members get a clear idea about what is to be done in a project (Salisbury 2013). A proper project briefing clearly indicates the objectives of the project, It helps in understanding the parameters of the project along with the business objectives that the project is needed to fulfill. The project scope is another important aspect of project briefing. It mainly deals with the understanding of various factors that are essential to consider in order to eliminate the risk of change in scope while the project implementation. A proper project scope definition includes discussion of a proper project deliverable that is set in the project-planning phase. It further gives a clear idea about the project milestones and the project deliverables. This is essential as the project milestone is one of the most common issues that can affect the momentum of the project (Hartmann et al. 2012). Closeout A proper project checklist is prepared at the end of the project so that the project manager can use it in order to evaluate whether all the project requirements set at the beginning of the project is evaluated or not (Fewings 2013). Project Checklist Have all the deliverables been met? Yes Has individual performance feedback been given? Yes Have all the drawings and specifications been recorded? Yes Has a lesson learned been conducted? Yes Has a performance evaluation been conducted? Yes Has the project status been communicated to all stakeholders? Yes Has a project turnover memo been drafted? Yes References Alinaitwe, H., Apolot, R. and Tindiwensi, D., 2013. Investigation into the causes of delays and cost overruns in Uganda's public sector construction projects.Journal of Construction in Developing Countries,18(2), p.33. Burke, R. 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Chou, J. S., and Yang, J. G. 2012. Project management knowledge and effects on construction project outcomes: An empirical study.Project Management Journal,43(5), 47-67. Cooke, B. and Williams, P., 2013.Construction planning, programming and control. John Wiley Sons. Fageha, M.K. and Aibinu, A.A., 2013. Managing project scope definition to improve stakeholders participation and enhance project outcome.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,74, pp.154-164. Fewings, P. 2013.Construction project management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Hartmann, T., Van Meerveld, H., Vossebeld, N. and Adriaanse, A., 2012. Aligning building information model tools and construction management methods.Automation in construction,22, pp.605-613. Hughes, W., Champion, R. and Murdoch, J., 2015.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge. Kerzner, H. 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E. W., and Gray, C. 2013.Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Pritchard, C. 2013.The project management communications toolkit. Artech House. Raftery, J. 2003.Risk analysis in project management. Routledge. Salisbury, F., 2013.Briefing your architect. Routledge. Sears, S. K., Sears, G. A., Clough, R. H., Rounds, J. L., and Segner, R. O. 2015.Construction project management. John Wiley Sons. Tang, L. and Shen, Q., 2013. Factors affecting effectiveness and efficiency of analyzing stakeholders' needs at the briefing stage of public private partnership projects.International Journal of Project Management,31(4), pp.513-521. Walker, A. 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Yu, A.T. and Shen, G.Q., 2013. Problems and solutions of requirements management for construction projects under the traditional procurement systems.Facilities,31(5/6), pp.223-237. Zanarone, G., 2012. Contract adaptation under legal constraints.The Journal of Law, Economics, Organization,29(4), pp.799-834.

My Happy Husband Essay Example

My Happy Husband Essay My Happy Husband In life, sometimes we meet new people who could change our lives for better or worse. I met my husband in the place that I work and since that day we have become the most inseparable friends in the world. I believed my husband is one of the happiest men alive: he is funny, positive, inspiring, spiritual, and friendly. He is a very funny person. All the time he has a positive attitude. He inspired me to be the best. He is a spiritual man. He is a friendly person. All these qualities make Christian so special. My husband is the most adorable man. He is quite good looking. He is six feet tall, weighs one hundred seventy seven pounds. He has a round face with small brown eyes, olive skin, and curly dark hair like many Spanish people. His hair is black with a fewer silver strands throughout. He speaks in a soft voice as if he was whispering, and constantly uses his hands when he speaks. He has a great sense of style, so he always looks well dressed even in casual clothes, and his cologne smells sweet but masculine. For me he is the most attractive man. Chris is the funniest person. We will write a custom essay sample on My Happy Husband specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Happy Husband specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Happy Husband specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My husband has no problem getting others to laugh with him. It is hard to have a bad day when the person that I spend my life with is constantly smiling because he looks at the problems from a different angle, and he is confident that he will find the solution immediately. For example, on Thanksgiving Day, we were on a road trip to North Caroline. My husband was driving for twelve hours, but he was making jokes the whole journey. That was very entertaining for the children. We thoroughly enjoyed this trip because the time passed so fast. His human entertains our friends, as well. Frequently we go out with our friends, and he is the center of attention because of his cheerful personality and entertaining way that he talks. One of his favorites remarks is â€Å"I take my wife to different parts of the world every year, but she still somehow manages to find her way back. † I just to hear that and laugh because he cannot move a muscle without me. I feel so proud of him because he always knows how to put a smile on my face. I believe that it is important to always have a positive attitude, and I learned from my husband to have a good point of view in any circumstances. His positive feeling is strong, and it can spread to the people around him. To explain, my husband has a stressful job, and everyday he gets up early to meditate because meditation makes him relax and positive. Even if I come home with a negative attitude, he frequently changes the way that I think because he makes me understand that nothing that happened outside can affect my positive thinking, and it is true. Also, he finds solutions rather than problems. He was weighing two hundred and twenty pounds, and one day he decided to lose weight. He started his routine with exercises and diet; he lost fifty pounds. He teaches everybody to not have fears. For this reason in any difficult or bad circumstances that we have, he always has a positive mindset with a wise solution. This positive emotion makes me to admire my husband more. I consider that my husband is the most inspiring man that I have seen. I am proud of Chris for achieving his goals and finishing his career as an Electrical Engineer. He motivates our children to be successful and great human beings. Moreover, he encourages us to finish and never give up and put a lot of effort in what we do. He also proves to his children that nothing is impossible, that we only need some motivation to accomplish our goals. Similarly for me, whenever I feel like giving up, or have a question or any concern, I know I can always ask him for advice. I have also learned that sometime I have to put other needs ahead of my own, but not to the point they will be to take advantage of me. Also, He is strong during hard times and extremely determined to achieve anything. I hold him in great esteem for how he stands up or for what he believes in, and he will never back down. I have always admired his open mind, compassion, and sense of understanding. In every aspect of my life my husband continuously pushed me too excel in everything that I want to do. He inspires me to start college, and he motived me to begin my new journey. He inspires me so much that now I am becoming a new person with different point of view. Furthermore, Chris is a very spiritual person. He often says, â€Å"spiritual is not only to be a religious people, it is to have peace between souls and mind. † These are not just words because he actually does what he meetings. As an example, he gets up early in the morning to meditate and pray to give thanks for the day. Meditation helps him to be calm and relaxed during the day, so if I ask something of him at any time, he does it without selfish interest. At some point I think nothing is bad for him. His friends always look for him when they have marital or work problems because they consider that he is the most appropriate person to give them good advice and keep secrets. Also, my husband has a passion to help people to learn how to be spiritual and know himself inside out. This quality is the most important attribute that he has. Christian is the friendliest man I have ever met. Anyone who knows him sees that he is absolutely outgoing with everybody. I am very lucky to have a good friend like him. I remember six months ago, when I thought he forgot my birthday because he did not call me, like he does every morning before I start working. When I came back home he had organized a wonderful party with my family and friends. He loves to make parties with a lot of people because he is a really sociable person. He is very unique. He constantly organize meetings at his work an invited all the people around the world. I am truly blessed to have in my life someone who is sociable and hospitable. Not only is Christian my best friend, but also he is the best friend for our sons. Concluding this essay, I can describe my husband as the happiest man in the world, and I see that this man is a very funny person. All the time he has a positive attitude. He inspires me to be the best. He is a spiritual man. He is my best friend. `What I would say to anyone who is unhappy is that you need to fix that; like my husband says, â€Å"happiness comes from within not without. † He is right. No one can make you happy, no one, but you. For all the reasons and comments that I share in this paper I think my husband is role model to fallow. 1225

Classical Economists vs Utopian Socialists essays

Classical Economists vs Utopian Socialists essays There are many ways that to govern a country. Obviously, officials run most countries, but what kind of system do they govern by? Some of the most important systems used today are capitalism, socialism, and communism. As a coherent economic theory, classical economics start with Smith, continues with the British Economists Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. Although differences of opinion were numerous among the classical economists in the time span between Smiths Wealth of Nations and Ricardos Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, they all mainly agreed on major principles. All believed in private property, free markets, and, in Smiths words, The individual pursuit of private gain to increase the public good. They shared Smiths strong suspicion of government and his enthusiastic confidence in the power of self-interest represented by his famous invisible hand, which reconciled public benefit with personal quest of private gain. From Ricardo, classicists derived the notion of diminishing returns, which held that as more labor and capital were applied to land yields after a certain and not very advanced stage in the progress of agriculture steadily diminished. The central thesis of The Wealth of Nations is that capital is best employed for the production and distribution of wealth under conditions of governmental noninterference, or laissez-faire, and free trade. In Smiths view, the production and exchange of goods can be stimulated, and a consequent rise in the general standard of living attained, only through the efficient operations of private industrial and commercial entrepreneurs acting with a minimum of regulation and control by the governments. To explain this concept of government maintaining laissez-faire attitude toward the commercial endeavors, Smith proclaimed the principle of the invisible hand: Every individual in pursuing his or her o...

Manor Definition, Significance in the Medieval Period

Manor Definition, Significance in the Medieval Period The medieval manor, also known as vill from the Roman villa, was an agricultural estate. During the Middle Ages, at least four-fifths of the population of England had no direct connection with towns. Most people did not live on single farms as they still do today, but instead, they were associated with a manor- a social and economic powerhouse of the Middle Ages.   A manor was usually comprised of tracts of agricultural land, a village whose inhabitants worked that land, and a manor house where the lord who owned or controlled the estate lived. Manors might also have had woods, orchards, gardens, and lakes or ponds where fish could be found. On the manor lands, usually near the village, one could often find a mill, bakery, and blacksmithy. Manors were largely self-sufficient. Size and Composition Manors varied greatly in size and composition, and some were not even contiguous plots of land. They generally ranged in size from 750 to 1,500 acres. There might be more than one village associated with a large manor; on the other hand, a manor could be small enough that only part of a villages inhabitants worked the estate. Peasants worked the lords demesne (the property farmed outright by the lord) for a specified number of days a week, usually two or three. On most manors there was also land designated to support the parish church; this was known as the glebe. The Manor House Originally, the manor house was an informal collection of wood or stone buildings including a chapel, kitchen, farm buildings and, of course, the hall. The hall served as the meeting place for village business and it was where the manorial court was held. As the centuries passed, manor houses became more strongly defended and took on some of the features of castles, including fortified walls, towers, and even moats. Manors were sometimes given to knights as a way to support them as they served their king. They could also be owned outright by a nobleman or belong to the church. In the overwhelmingly agricultural economy of the Middle Ages, manors were the backbone of European life. A Typical Manor: Borley, 1307 Historical documents of the period give us a fairly clear account of medieval manors. The most detailed is that of the extent, which described the tenants, their holdings, rents, and services, which was compiled on testimony by a sworn jury of inhabitants. The extent was completed whenever a manor changed hands.   A typical account of the holdings is that of the manor of Borley, which was held in the early fourteenth century by a freeman named Lewin and described by American historian E.P. Cheney in 1893. Cheney reports that in 1307, Borley manor changed hands, and documents enumerated the holdings of the 811 3/4 acre estate.  That acreage included: Arable lands, 702 1/4 acresMeadow, 29 1/4 acresEnclosed pasture, 32 acresWoods, 15 acres  Manor house land, 4 acresTofts (homesteads) of two acres each, 33 acres   The possessors of the manor lands were described as demesne (or that which was farmed outright by Lewin) including a total of 361 1/4 acres; seven freeholders held a total of 148 acres; seven molmen held 33 1/2 acres, and 27 villeins or customary tenants held 254 acres. Freeholders, molmen, and villeins were Medieval classes of tenant farmers, in descending order of prosperity, but without clear-cut boundaries that changed over time.  All of them paid rents to the lord in the form of a percentage of their crops or labor on the demesne. The total annual value of the estate to the lord of the manor of Borley in 1307 was listed as 44 pounds, 8 shillings, and 5 3/4 pence. That amount was about twice what Lewin would have needed to be knighted, and in 1893 dollars was about U.S. $2,750 a year, which today equals about $75,000.   Sources Cheyney, E. P. The Medià ¦val Manor. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 4 (1893): 75-91. Print. Dodwell, B. The Free Tenantry of the Hundred Rolls. The Economic History Review 14.2 (1944): 163-71. Print. Klingelhà ¶fer, Eric. Manor, Vill, and Hundred: The Development of Rural Institutions in Early Medieval Hampshire. Montreal: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies Overton, Eric. A Guide to the Medieval Manor. London: Local History Publications, 1991. Print

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example John Bezos, who is the founder and CEO of Amazon.com, dreamt of books. In 1994, he founded Amazon.com, arguably the earth’s largest bookstore. Since then, the company has registered tremendous growth and has become a force to reckon with in its industry. The following is a report which traces the history of Bezos, events leading to the founding of the company, business strategies employed by the company, and finally it winds up with highlighting the company’s success factors. History of Jeff Bezos CEO and Founder Amazon.com Jeffrey P. Bezos was born in a place called Albuquerque, in New Mexico. At an early age, Bezos displayed an outstanding mechanical aptitude. He also developed passion for various technical fields. When he became a teenager, his family moved to Miami, Florida. In high school, Bezos became more interested in computers. He later joined Princeton University with plans to study physics. However, he abandoned this dream in pursuit of computer study. He lat er graduated from the university with an electrical engineering and computer science degree. Afterwards, he was employed by a firm on Wall Street, where computers were becoming increasingly in demand for use in studying emerging patterns in various industries (Brandt 2011, pp. 228). Thereafter, he was employed at Fitel, a new company that was designing a network to be used in the management of international trade. He then was hired by D.E. Shaw, a firm that specialized in computer science applications in the stock market. Here, he was hired mostly because of his general and conspicuous talent. It was also while working in this firm that he became a senior vice president, and was looking forward to a brighter future, when he made a finding that transformed his life as well as the course of the world history of business (Brandt 2011, pp. 228). His biggest test came in 1995 when he sought to raise a seed capital of $1 million in order to launch his firm. Over a period of six months in early 1995, he met with some 60 private investors. During this time, he was hiring programmers to design the firm’s website to market itself to the public. Bezos discovered that the use of Internet was increasing by 2300 percent each year. He quickly saw a chance for a new realm of business, and immediately started considering the potential (Hazleton 1998, pp. 56). Bezos later flew to Los Angeles to attend a convention of American Booksellers. While in attendance, he learnt all that he could with regard to the book business. He realized that the main book wholesalers had already composed electronic lists regarding their inventory. All that was required was to establish a single location for this important information on the Internet, from where the book-buying community could search the existing stock and then place orders directly. The employers of Bezos were not ready to proceed with such an undertaking. Bezos then realized that the only remaining way to seize the chance wa s to go into business as an individual. Nevertheless, this meant sacrificing a more secure job in New York. Despite the risk, Bezos together with his wife Mackenzie chose to take up the challenge (Hazleton 1998, pp. 58). In the year 1999, Bezos was declared Time magazine’s Person of the Year. Come 2008, he was selected by the U.S. News & World Report as one of the best leaders in America. In the same year, he also received an honorary doctorate degree in Science and Technology from the University of Carnegie Mellon. Furthermore,

Read and answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Read and answer question - Essay Example Both the organization and its shareholders need returns for their investments and when such is not achieved then change is inevitable. 2. What is the primary type of change needed- Changing things or changing the people and culture. Can the Wisconsin plant be saved by changing things alone, by changing people and culture, or must both be changed? The primary type of change needed for Wisconsin plant is for people and culture. With some current Wisconsin employees telling of how their fathers worked for the same plant, calls for a change in the people. Once people get used to a place, they reduce the quality of production, which could be the contributing factor towards the competitors almost producing better quality than Wisconsin plant. It is also clear that Wisconsin employees are the most paid compared to the others. The culture of the union determining their pay should, therefore be changed too in an urge to reduce the plant’s high production costs. 3. What do you think is the major underlying cause of the Union’s resistance to change? If you were Jim Malesckowski, what implementation tactics would you use to try to convince union members to change to save the Wisconsin plant? It is evidently clear that if no change is made, then the Wisconsin plant will have to close down due to the high operational costs. If I was Jim, I would dialogue with the union be telling them that if change was not achieved then the plant would close down. In the event that happens then all the employees would be jobless. In changing to a save culture, the union members would benefit in that despite the reduction in their salaries, they would still retain their jobs, other than letting the plant close down leaving all of them jobless as a result of the high operational

Origin of babies Essay Example for Free

Origin of babies Essay Once, there is young man who wished to have a good life, a great family he can call his own and offspring that he wanted to share his life with. During his bachelorhood, he would usually sit on his patio and think of these things. Years went by and he was able to marry the love of his life, the queen of his heart. He shared with her, his dreams when he was still a bachelor and together, they made that single simple dream come true. Under the clear blue sky of Paris, they both decided to have a family of their own, raise kids and be good parents. Soon after, their dream materialized and was blessed with a son. Being the kind of man that he his, he wants to raise his son the same way that his parents did to me. He would read to his son stories that deal with bravery, courage and respect to others. They were both a loving parent to their son they would give him all that he want if it is the best for him. When he was a year older, his father wants to mold his son into the kind of man that he is. They would often go out together and enjoy things that boys really do enjoy. Years and years passed, the son was already full-grown. He had finished college, had a secure job and is intending to marry his college girlfriend. They got married after several months of preparation and eventually bore their own child and a grandchild to their parents. The life cycle was already completed. The cycle of human life is chain and so it needs to be fulfilled step-by-step in order to arrive at the finish line. Upon the birth of their son, they were able to satisfy their urge of having a child and raise it the same that their parents did to them. They were able to fulfill the dream of their parents’ who wanted to see little children running around the lawn.

A Comparison of Greek and Norse Mythology Essay -- essays research pap

Hundreds of years ago people did not have the technology to explain different forces of nature. They created gods, each with separate powers, to rule their domains. Some of the gods were merciful, some were wicked, and others were merely servants of more powerful gods. Looking at the gods, it is easy to tell what the civilization most valued. I am going to look at the Greek and the Norse gods to compare what was most important to their societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both cultures had a king of the gods. In Greek mythology there is no god who is more powerful than Zeus. He is the youngest son of Cronus and Rhea, ruler of the Titans. Cronus was told that one of his children would overthrow him, taking control of his kingdom. To be sure this would not happen, Cronus swallowed his first five children: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Rhea could not bear to see another one of her children, devoured so she replaced Zeus with a rock wrapped in swaddling. Cronus, thinking he ate Zeus, left Rhea time to leave Zeus in a cave where he was raised by a divine goat, Amaltheia (pantheon/odin). After Zeus was grown he went back to Cronus with the help of Gaia and Metis, who made an elixir to cause Cronus to vomit his brothers and sisters. Zeus then led the fights against the Titan dynasty. Afterwards they banished the Titans to Tartarus, the lowest place on earth, even lower than the underworld. Zeus and his brothers then drew str aws to find who would rule where. Zeus gained rule of the sky, Poseidon ruled the seas, and Hades ruled the underworld (pantheon/odin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zeus is the god of law, justice, morals, thunder, lightning, and rain. It was his job to oversee and make sure laws were being kept. He was worshipped originally as a weather god. He was depicted as a middle-aged man with a youthful appearance; he was regale and was almost always shown ready to throw a lightning bolt (pantheon/zeus).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odin is the ruler of the gods in Norse mythology. He was stuck by his own spear pinned to the World Tree. There he learned nine songs and eighteen runes. Odin lives in Asgard; from his throne he observes everything that happens in the nine worlds. Valhalla is a hall in Asgard where the dead warriors are taken; Odin is also known to reside there (pantheon/odin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Odin is the... ...sions of the mythology, it is easy to tell what the cultures held in high regard. The Greeks were a civil people; their chief deity was a god of law, justice, and morals. The Norse, on the other hand, were a people of war. Their chief god was a god of war and death, and the only way to Valhalla was to die honorably in battle. Examining these mythologies is an excellent way to show the similarities and differences of the two cultures. References http://edweb.sdsu/people/bdodge/scffold/GG/titans.html 3 pages, accessed April 10, 2004 http://encyclopdia.thefreedictionary.com/Norse%20Giants 1 page, accessed April 7, 2004 http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0823459.html 3 pages, accessed April 10, 2004 http://www.messagenet.com/myths/bios/hades.html 3 pages, accessed April 10, 2004 http://www.pentheon.com/articles/o/odin.html 1 page, accessed April 7, 2004. Created on March 3 1997, Modified Feb. 12, 2004. Encyclopedia Mythica 1995-2004 http://www.pentheon.com/articles/z/zeus.html 2 page, accessed April 7, 2004. Created on March 3 1997, Modified March 19. 12, 2004. Encyclopedia Mythica 1995-2004 Long, Gareth, http://webhome.indirect.com/~delong 3 pages Accessed April 12, 2004

Blood Alcohol Content Essay

The thought of alcohol being involved in fatal crashes brings about an emotional response. Recently, there has been a movement based on emotion rather than logic to change a certain drinking and driving law. This involves lowering the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) from 0. 10% to 0. 08% nationwide. However, this attention is misdirected. By looking at my personal experiences, statistics, and current laws, it is clear that there is no need for lowering the BAC. First off, I do not drink. Yet, I’ve had many experiences relating to drinking and driving through my friends. One thing I’ve noticed is that it is extremely hard for people to tell if they are legally drunk or not. Furthermore, I have never heard any of my friends say that they feel that they should drive home because they have only a . 09% BAC. The law has very little effect on how many drinks a person decides to consume. Therefore, lowering the legal drunk limit will not result in people acting more responsible. Supporters of lowering the BAC like Judith Lee Stone in her essay â€Å"YES! † think they are targeting the problem of drunken driving, but the real problem lies within the higher BACs. Ninety three percent of fatal accidents are 0. 10% BAC and above, and half of those ninety three percent have a BAC of 0. 20% and above. The average BAC for fatal accidents is at actually at 0. 17%. This seems like a more logical target for new laws then 0. 08%. Furthermore, Stone asks â€Å"Who would want their children in a car driven by someone who has consumed three, four, or even more beers in an hour† (Stone 46)? I couldn’t agree more. However, this common argument from the pro-0. 08% side is more like a parent responsibility question. They use this to manipulate our emotion by putting an innocent child in an improbable and unrelated situation. She also goes on to state, â€Å"A study at Boston University found that 500 to 600 fewer highway deaths would occur annually if all states adopted 0. 08%† (Stone 47). On the other hand, a similar study at University of North Carolina shows no significant change after their adoption of 0. 08%. Which study is correct? Most likely, both have some truthfulness. It could be either way depending on the state. The lowering of the Blood Alcohol Content percentage law is unnecessary and useless. Nevertheless, some states have already moved to the 0. 08%, and we hear the argument: â€Å"It makes no sense for a driver to be legally drunk in one state but not in another† (Stone 46). To that, I ask a couple questions of my own. Why can I carry a concealed gun in one state and not another? Why is it that I can drive a certain speed in one state, but a different speed in another? The response to those questions and Stone’s statement is all of the above are state laws. At this point, the federal government seems to get confused. In October 2000, congress passed a law that uses the states’ money against them. It asserts that if a state doesn’t lower its BAC percentage to 0. 08% by 2003, it will lose two percent of its highway money. States that don’t like the law will be forced to vote for it because they are desperate for highway construction money. Strings shouldn’t be attached to this money. What are lost in all of this are the current laws for drunk driving. Driving while impaired is already illegal whether the person tests 0. 04% or 0. 10%. Courts can use alcohol test of 0. 04% and higher as evidence of impairment. It’s at 0. 10% where a person is legally drunk and cannot legally operate a vehicle. Therefore, it’s not as if people who test 0. 08% are going unpunished like the other side would have you believe. In conclusion, anybody who picks out one particular aspect and says that it is not working hasn’t looked that the whole problem. The president for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Brian O’ Neill, says that he’d rather see resources directed toward enforcing existing drunken driving laws. Hopefully, with more education, more awareness, and more enforcement we can successfully reduce drinking and driving fatalities. Bibliography Stone, Judith Lee. Yes!. Reading and Writing Short Arguments. Ed. William Vesterman. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000. 46-47. Word Count: 702.

Rohingya

Rohigya are Muslim ethnic group in northern Rakhine state located in western Burma now known as Myanmar and Rohingya minority in Burma also. Violence and oppression of the Rohingya population in Myanmar has shocked the world with a massive killer Rohingya in Myanmar. The issue of ethnic cleansing is the main cause of violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar. ? In 1982, the Muslim Rohingya suddenly declared as foreigners in their own country. ? They suppress by law â€Å"Burma Citizenship Law of 1982† that discriminate against Rohingya ethnic and religious nature of their citizenship is not recognized. The need for citizenship in Myanmar is not specified for the Rohingya. Rohingya people as a minority community in Myanmar caused them to be considered â€Å"illegal Bengalis† and hated by the majority of people in Burma. ? For a pro-democracy group, they consider the Rohingya is a liar and the group intended to kill all the Rohingya in Myanmar. Thi s is because they are laughing at black people from the Indian subcontinent. Violence and oppression of Myanmar Rohingya cause by disputes and discrimination between both Islam and Buddhism. ? Muslim Rohingya supported by Buddhist monks, but they do not accept immigrants.They give harsh treatment to women and children who ousted Rohingya people outside the temple and not given food and drink. ? children were denied the right to education and Muslim women are not allowed to veil, and one of them is to prevent discrimination and rape. ? Muslims are not allowed to perform the pilgrimage and perform the sacrificial slaughter at al-Adha. These conditions restrict them to live as independently Muslims. ? In addition, the right medicine at the hospital and clinic denies Muslim Rohingya where they charged treatment is too expensive.Violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar have a great impact on all ethnic Rohingya as human rights violations.  ¬ incident of extorti on against Rohingya Muslims, accused of human rights because they impose arbitrary taxes such as land seizures, forced evictions, destruction of houses and finances marriage restrictions. ?  ¬ It is also used as forced labor for the construction of roads and military camps. Abused forced labor by the Myanmar military regime continues to commit death sentence, torture and rape brutal action.Part of the Rohingya forced to work without pay for infrastructure projects in Myanmar economy. Another effect of extortion against the Muslim Rohingya, all ethnic people living in this suffering in their own country. Some of the 100,000 Rohingya people killed by the regime Myanmar brutal action. Between suffering; – The destruction of the mosque taken out and replaced with Buddhist pagoda – Weddings and any union movement restricted and exercised only in Burma military agreement. – Arrest, torture and rape of women. – Compulsion to renounce Islam and forced to conver t to Buddhism. Not allowed to possess any firearms or knives. – Not allowed to own any means of communication such as mobile phones. Will be arrested and jailed for seven years if it is. Results from disputes involving Rohingya persecution in Myanmar, half a million Rohingya Muslims who survived the brutal acts Myanmar regime had become refugees housed in refugee camps in Bangladesh, Thailand, and Pakistan. In addition, dozens of Rohingya refugees in the refugee camps located in Kutupalong and persuade Bazaar in Bangladesh live in very poor conditions for Bangladesh authorities do not provide any assistance to them.Rohingya refugees living in difficulty as not to have any financial resources, accommodation, food and clothing. Violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar has violated the human rights of ethnic Rohingya. Many innocent human lives Rohingya have died from violence and persecution of Rohingya without any help from many quarters, including the Association of the United Nations (UN). The world community will need to provide a rational public debate on the future to help and defend the fate of ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar on human rights policy.

Computer Addiction essays

Computer Addiction essays There once was a time when the only computers known to the average person were those the military possessed. Eventually, large corporations found many different uses for computers in the business world, and today, computers are as common in numerous households around the globe. People from all age groups are learning to operate computers and anyone who has worked with computers for long periods of time knows that computers can be just as addicting as smoking. Computer addiction can have a number of physical, social, and psychological effects on a person and it is to be taken as seriously as any other addiction that a person is battling. One common physical effect computer addiction can have on a person are back problems. Sitting for so long can take a toll on a person's muscles and can result in poor posture. Poor posture can result in chronic back problems that require the services of a chiropractor. Dry eyes, carpal tunnel syndrome, and vision complications are some eye problems caused by over use of a computer. Migraine headaches are quite common in computer addiction and are linked to the straining of the eyes. Because of the long hours spent engrossed in a computer, addicts often have eating irregularities, such as skipping meals and binge eating. Computer addicts experience sleep disturbances, or changes in sleeping patterns, which are most likely due to late hours on the computer and low blood sugar from eating irregularities. One last effect is the failure to attend to personal hygiene, such as bathing, combing hair and brushing teeth. All of these physical effects can be linked to computer addiction. Social effects of computer addiction include reduced time spent socializing with others. People may begin to feel that their computer is the only relationship that they have the time to focus on. They lose the desire for human contact and communication and in a way ...

Assessing Students with Special Needs

Assessing Students with Special Needs Assessing students with learning disabilities can be challenging. Some students, such as those with ADHD and autism, struggle with testing situations and cannot remain at task long enough to complete such assessments. But assessments are important; they provide the child with an opportunity to demonstrate knowledge, skill, and understanding. For most learners with exceptionalities, a paper-and-pencil task should be at the bottom of the list of assessment strategies. Below are some alternate suggestions that support and enhance assessment of learning disabled students. Presentation A presentation is a verbal demonstration of skill, knowledge, and understanding. The child can narrate or answer questions about her task. Presentation can also take the form of discussion, debate or a purely interrogatory exchange. Some children may require a small group or one-on-one setting; many students with disabilities are intimidated by larger groups. But dont discount the presentation. With ongoing opportunities, students will begin to shine. Conference A conference is a one-on-one between the teacher and the student. The teacher will prompt and cue the student to determine the level of understanding and knowledge. Again, this takes the pressure away from written tasks. The conference should be somewhat informal to put the student at ease. The focus should be on the student sharing ideas, reasoning or explaining a concept. This is an extremely useful form of formative assessment. Interview An interview helps a teacher to clarify the level of understanding for a specific purpose, activity or learning concept. A teacher should have questions in mind to ask the student. A lot can be learned through an interview, but they can be time-consuming. Observation Observing a student in the learning environment is a very powerful assessment method. It can also be the vehicle for the teacher to change or enhance a specific teaching strategy. Observation can be done in a small group setting while the child is engaged in learning tasks. Things to look for include: Does the child persist? Give up easily? Have a plan in place? Look for assistance? Try alternate strategies? Become impatient? Look for patterns?   Performance Task A performance task is a learning task that the child can do while the teacher assesses his performance. For example, a teacher may ask a student to solve a math problem by presenting a word problem and asking the child questions about it. During the task, the teacher is looking for skill and ability as well as the childs attitude toward the task. Does he cling to past strategies or is there evidence of risk-taking in the approach? Self-Assessment Its always positive for students to be able to identify their own strengths and weaknesses. When possible, self-assessment can lead the student to a better sense of understanding of her own learning. The teacher should ask some guiding questions that can lead to this discovery.

Interview of a Columbian Woman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interview of a Columbian Woman - Research Paper Example The Colombian diet is normally composed of meat (Guerrieri, 1999). In the coastal regions there is an abundance of seafood, lobster, and fish usually cooked with a sauce. The provision of fresh fruit is plentiful (Vega-Londono, 2002). Religion Nowadays, majority of the Colombian population is Roman Catholic. They are especially dutiful to the formal features of Catholicism, submissively going back to the church for life’s rites of passage, such as birth, marriage, etc. (Vega-Londono, 2002). The Catholic religion is viewed as a piece of the cultural birthright; religious traditions have quite little relevance to business and individual life. However, masses are quite well-attended by women in urban areas (Guerrieri, 1999). Holidays Several national holidays commemorate Colombian culture, and numerous religious holidays are observed as national holidays as well. Main religious holidays are Holy Week, All Saints Day, and Christmas. Female beauty is regarded especially significant , and Colombia commemorates it every November (Guerrieri, 1999). Other major national holidays are the Battle of Bocaya and Independence Day. There are other local and regional holidays, like Rio Sucio’s Festival of the Devil, the Cartagena International Caribbean Music Festival, and the Carnaval of Barranquilla (Guerrieri, 1999). ... In families that are poor, a child normally sleeps with the parents (Vega-Londono, 2002). Family Values Colombia preserves several of its rural customs and one of these is its family values. Above all, the family arrangement is extended, possibly because the agricultural lifestyle needed many family members to increase efficiency and production (Woods, 2008). This can clarify the friendly attitude of Colombian families. Communication between parents and their children and between siblings has a tendency to be quite more open and frequent (Woods, 2008). Health Traditions Traditional medications are usually used, especially in isolated and rural areas. Several forms of customary medication depend on indigenous plant. Customary healers have exerted effort to sustain their native medical traditions (Guerrieri, 1999). In knowledge of the essence of the herbs used in traditional medication, these healers have tried to protect the Amazon forest (Guerrieri, 1999). Views on Mental Health It i s more usual for a more educated individual to prefer going to a therapist for mental health problems, but this is uncommon. People in Colombia think that a person who consults a therapist is crazy. Hence, it could be stigmatizing for a Colombian to consult a counselor or psychiatrist. Marital Traditions The most popular wedding practice in Colombia is the serenade, or also known as ‘Serenata’ (Garces, 2008). This tradition is a pre-wedding practice where in the groom amazes the bride with a serenade, which usually takes place after the bride has slept. Commonly the Serenata includes a surprise party and a band with the loved ones of the bride and groom (Garces, 2008). Rearing of Children Parents train their children to behave well. Parents nurture their offspring quite thoroughly,

Organizational Development in HRD Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Development in HRD - Case Study Example he lease by the state of Indiana through the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, mainly because of the economic strength of the investors. The Inn is operated as a separate business project, however, it does contribute to the sales of the marina as it is a lucrative business and is booked heavily in the season, which runs from Memorial Day weekend to Labor Day Weekend. Although the complex is operational year round, the sales decrease drastically after the Labor Day weekend. Jack Keltner has just recently replaced Leon McLaughlin as the general manager of the marina. He is also the accounting manager of the Inn. The Marina lacked any formal accounting checks till now, and Keltner has introduced certain changes and features to counter this problem. He has also proposed several improvements in the complex in order to increase the profits of the marina, which had just recently been going into loss. Strengths: The main strengths of the complex are its three docks to the left of the central dock, that is, E, F, and G. They are booked well in advance and there are waiting lists. The Inn is another lucrative business that augments the profits of the marina. It has the only showroom in the state with the biggest boats for sale, and is the largest marina of its kind in the country. Weaknesses: The main weakness is the lack of experience of the staff in the trade of marinas, especially the general managers; the former had experience in ship repair, and the current is an accountant. The three docks to the right, A, B, and C, are not rented to the full capacity. The rental boats are more in number than are required, with the average rental capacity around fifty percent. This means more labor for maintenance. The

Management Strategies Wal-Mart should undertake for Successful Global Essay

Management Strategies Wal-Mart should undertake for Successful Global Presence - Essay Example Decrease in government restriction resulted in increased opening up of the China retail market. Global retailers such as Wal-Mart took advantage and opened store in China. Though Wal-Mart started as a small, store in Arkansas, it spread rapidly and dominated the retail sector in United States. Wal-Mart’s founder, Walton, believed that discounting was crucial in retail business. He opened stores in neglected areas and sold goods at considerably cheap prices (Glass, 2012). The use of â€Å"Everyday low prices† gave Wal-Mart a competitive advantage over its competitors. Additionally, Wal-Mart developed a strong marketing culture such that it remained popular even when its competitors, Kmart and Woolco, closed down. However, Wal-Mart’s entry into China was not successful. China opened up its market for foreign retailers in 2005, which Wal-Mart saw as a great opportunity. This is because China’s thriving economy provided a great opportunity for profitable retailing. Despite Walton’s insistence on discount prices, Wal-Mart remained less popular in China (Farhoomand & Wang, 2006). One of the main drawback was the resignation of Cassian Chueng, the president of Wal-Mart China, which happened at the time when the entry plan was at the initial stages of implementation. Irrespective of being the world largest retailer, Wal-Mart is ranked at position twenty in China in terms of its sales (Glass, 2012; Wang, & Jha, 2011). One of issues facing Wal-Mart is managements’ refutation of employee’s unionization. Sam Walton opposed formation of union by War-Mart employee’s rights from the initial stages. ... The Wal-Mart employees have attempted to demand for salary increment and they feel that such grievances have not been clearly addressed (Wang, & Jha, 2011). To create a successful global presence and ensure the success of Wal-Mart in meeting its goals and mission, the management must address the issue of Unionization. This issue has been criticized strongly, which could affect Wal-Mart performance. Additionally, the success of any organization greatly depends on the level of satisfaction among the employees. It is thus inevitable that Wal-Mart should consider accommodation unionization to ensure the employees’ grievances are addressed accordingly (Glass, 2012; Farhoomand & Wang, 2006). Another issue that has affected Wal-Mart’s entry into China is their expansion strategy. In United States, Walton preferred opening stores in small towns, which gave Wal-Mart a competitive advantage. However, Chinas economic growth is more rampant in large cities, particularly those along the coastal region. It is thus significant for Wal-Mart to reconsider the positioning of its store in China. Although there are existing barriers such as resistance from China authorities to let Wal-Mart expand in large cities, the management should consider forming venture in such regions (Glass, 2012; Farhoomand & Wang, 2006). An alternative that would enable Wal-Mart to retain cheap prices and expand its operations would be to change their marketing strategies. The US market environment is quite different from that of China. This is mainly due to cultural differences. Wal-Mart should thus consider exposing its employees to Chinese culture to understand the needs of their consumer appropriately. As opposed to US where the

Knowing God Through Reason Or Faith Religion Essay

Knowing God Through Reason Or Faith Religion Essay The desire for mankind to know God, implicates that all humans are designed to have a conscience in them that enables communication with their creator, as stated in (Genesis 1: 27). This essay will explain both arguments of knowing God by faith or reason, examples relating to both sides will be given in order to draw a conclusion of how mankind know God. It can be argued that God can be known through both faith and reason, and this can be demonstrated in scripture and nature also known as Gods two books in which He writes about Himself. Deepak Chopra wrote God and Nature as all-pervading and very impersonal laws in the universe that order things. The secret to life, he claims, is to know these laws. The Bible testifies that God is spirit and He wants to fellowship with humans, according, to (John 4: 24). Since man is embodied in a physical body, an act of faith has to be applied in order to believe in an invisible God who has no physical body and therefore unseen. (Hebrews 11: 1) Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen. Faith considered to be a gift from God, is a spiritual inner substance in human beings that communicates an inner know that there is, though one cannot see. That is why faith is considered to be a spiritual act. Further, God proved Himself by incarnation being born of flesh as Jesus Christ and throughout the scriptures; faith is an important act that has to be applied by any believer. This was emphasised by Jesus Christ, the main representative of God on earth according to the Gospel of John. (John 1: 18) No one has ever seen God. It is God the only Son,  who is close to the Fathers heart, who has made him known. So this gives clarification that God Himself in incarnation came to witness to mankind about Him. God being Infinite, humans will never know His fullness, but through incarnation, Jesus Christ conveyed the greatest revelation of God to humans. A person who has faith pleases God according to scripture. Abraham was an example because he used faith to know and believe in God when he was asked to leave his fathers house and promised to become a father to many nations. It was God who went to Abraham, and told him who He was. (Genesis 17: 1) When Abram was ninety-nine years old, the Lord appeared to Abram, and said to him, I am God Almighty; walk before me, and be blameless. Reading about Abrahams testimony notifies the reader about the existence of God. On the other hand, through the Human eye and surroundings of the world, it is evident that God truly exists, according to some points to be drawn from some elements of natural theology such as science. Evidence is a key element in reasoning. In other words proof is needed to show that God exists. Reason is a thought or a consideration offered in support of a purpose e.g. creation gives reason to speculate how God looks like. Through His creation there is wisdom and knowledge that gives humankind the reason to know God through the natural order. Natural theology gives a deeper insight on how one can know God, by what surrounds them, for example natural resources and sciences. Thomas Aquinas analysed that, There exists a fundamental likeness to God within the created order as a consequence of God being the cause, in some sense of the word of all created things. In other words all things were created, they dont just happen to exist. Through, Gods wisdom and knowledge humans can discern Gods existence by things that occur around us regardless of their beliefs. For example, the birth of humans and their innate behaviour, or how plants grow from seeds. Science cannot give full explanation on how many things around us occur. Jean Bodin (1539-96) wrote, We have come into this theatre of the world f no other reason than to understand the admirable power, goodness and wisdom of the most excellent creator of all thingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Thats why humans should appreciate the creator of such beauty displayed in the world through all creation, other than destroying the nature that was intended for human adoration. Theologians have described the manner in which God can be known through his nature. Hans Urs von Balthazar wrote, The category of beauty is to be reclaimed as a description of the revelation of God rather than some human category which can be applied to God. From a spiritual point of view, not everybody believes that God exists, the bible says, (Hebrews 11:6) And without faith it is impossible to please God, because anyone who comes to him must believe that He exists and that He rewards those who earnestly seek him. Apparently atheists do not believe in the existence of God in other words they dont have faith. Other aspects such as unanswered prayer can bring doubt to those who have little faith. But from a theological point of view, Karl Barth argued that natural theology wasnt an adequate way of knowing God as this would bring conditions of humanity knowing God under their own condition whence creating their own concept about God. A conclusion can be drawn from the above that Christians know God by faith and by visible evidence through the human eye, that indeed there is God. Even from human characteristics that are experienced through the flesh, lives no doubt in a human mind that God exists by both faith and reason. From a spiritual perspective, faith is very important to a Christian believer, because God demands this act in order to please Him. Finally God has made himself known in a  general sense  in the intriguing mechanisms of the created world, and he has revealed himself in a specific way  by means of the written documents of the Bible. Therefore faith and reason are not a conflict; rather they complement one another as two modes of knowing God, through the natural order, and sacred scripture.

Business Plan for Progressive Consulting Essay example -- GCSE Busines

Business Plan for Progressive Consulting 1. 0 Executive Summary Progressive Consulting will be formed as a consulting company specializing in marketing of high technology products in international markets. Its founders are former marketers of consulting services, personal computers, and market research, all in international markets. They are founding Progressive Consulting to formalize the consulting services they offer. 1. 2 Mission Progressive Consulting offers high-tech manufacturers a reliable, high quality alternative to in-house resources for business development, market development, and channel development on an international scale. A true alternative to in house resources offers a very high level of practical experience; know how, contacts, and confidentiality. Clients must know that working with Progressive Consulting is a more professional, less risky way to develop new areas even than working completely in house with their own people. Progressive Consulting must also be able to maintain financial balance, charging a high value for its services, and delivering an even higher value to its clients. Initial focus will be development in the European and Latin American markets, or for European clients in the United States market. 1. 3 Keys to Success Excellence in fulfilling the promise completely confidential, reliable, trustworthy expertise and information. Developing visibility to generate new business leads. Leveraging from a single pool of expertise into multiple revenue generation opportunities: retainer consulting, project consulting, market research, and market research published reports. 2. 0 Company Summary Progressive Consulting is a new company providing high-level expertise in international high-tech business development, channel development, distribution strategies, and marketing of high tech products. It will focus initially on providing two kinds of international triangles: Providing United States clients with development for European and Latin American markets. Providing European clients with development for the United States and Latin American markets. As it grows it will take on people and consulting work in related markets, such as the rest of Latin America, and the Far East, and similar markets. As it grows it will look for additi... ... 1995 1996 1997 ____________________________________________________________________ Gross margin 72.97% 85.81% 84.90% Net profit margin 4.57% 11.25% 14.92% Return on Assets 12.38% 20.64% 25.49% Return on Equity 50.05% 61.73% 51.37% Activity Ratios: AR Turnover 6.30 7.77 6.66 Collection days 29 45 45 Inventory Turnover 0.00 0.00 0.00 Accts payable turnover 7.67 7.06 7.35 Total asset turnover 2.71 1.83 1.71 Debt Ratios: 1995 1996 1997 ____________________________________________________________________ Debt to net Worth 3.04 1.99 1.02 Short-term Debt to Liab. 0.70 0.82 0.83 Liquidity Ratios: Current Ratio 1.91 1.83 2.39 Quick Ratio 1.91 1.83 2.39 Net Working Capital $104,050 $191,250 $340,450 Interest Coverage 4.15 5.90 9.38

The Future of Work Motivation Theory

Introduction to Special Topic Forum: The Future of Work Motivation Theory Author(s): Richard M. Steers, Richard T. Mowday, Debra L. Shapiro Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jul. , 2004), pp. 379-387 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/20159049 . Accessed: 25/04/2011 09:09 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp.JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=aom. . Each copy of any part of a J STOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email  protected] org. Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Review. http://www. jstor. org ? Academy o? Management Review 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, 379-387. INTRODUCTIONTO SPECIAL TOPIC FORUMTHEFUTURE WORKMOTIVATION OF THEORY RICHARDM. STEERS RICHARD T. MOWDAY University o? Oregon DEBRA L. SHAPIRO University of Maryland motivation The topic of employee plays a cen tral role in the field of management? both prac see motiva and theoretically. tically Managers tion as an pa rt of the performance integral equation searchers block at all see re levels, while organizational it as a fundamental building been. an overview This introduction represents of the field of work motivation from a theoretical and lays the foundation for the arti standpoint cles The that the Latin on this (mover?. Building as â€Å"the motivation Atkinson defines concept, on direc influence (immediate) contemporary for movement follow. 2 term motivation derives from word in the development of useful theories of effective the Indeed, management practice. of the sub many topic of motivation permeates the study of management, fields that compose man teams, performance including leadership, decision ethics, making, It is not surprising, change. so much that this topic has received over the past several in both decades journals and management periodicals. xam recent articles have several work far we have come in researching agement, managerial and organizational therefore, attention rese arch Whereas of action† tion, vigor, and persistence (1964: 2), while it as â€Å"a process Vroom defines governing †¦ among choice made alternative by persons forms of voluntary (1964: 6). Campbell activity† and Pritchard that suggest motivation dependent the direction, has to do with a set of independent/ variable that explain relationships amplitude, and persistence of an ined how on where this special forum focuses motivation, we are going. That the questions: is, we ask is the future of work motivation What theories? are What the critical be that must questions if progress in the field is to be made? addressed is the future research What How can agenda? we or modify current models extend of work so they continue in the motivation to be relevant are entirely new models future? And where to further our understanding motivation needed of employee behavior and job performance contemporary organizations? To understand where the field first understand ever, we must is going, where how it has of in ndividual's constant behavior, holding fects of aptitude, skill, and understanding task, and the constraints operating in the the ef of the envi ronment (1976: 63-130). These and other definitions have three com mon denominators. con They are all principally or events cerned with factors that energize, over time. and sustain human behavior channel, In various ways, of work theories contemporary motivation to explicate derive from efforts with increasing precision to determine terrelate how these behavior three factors in organizations. inEARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN MOTIVATION THEORY The earliest man motivation to understanding hu approaches date from the time of the Greek and focus on the concept of hedo We review cial are panel forum. indebted to the time staff and of AMR effort and to the editorial of this spe for their on behalf philosophers 2 1 For motivation, recent see reviews Kanfer of the research literature on work and For a more detailed examinati on see Pinder of the evolution Porter, of work and (1990), Mitchell (1997), Ambrose motivation Steers theories, (2003). (1998) and Bigley,Kulik (1999),and Mitchell and Daniels (2002). 379 380 Academy of Management Review July a principle force in behavior. driving seen as focusing were Individuals their efforts on seeking and avoiding This pleasure pain. was later refined and further devel principle in the works of philosophers like Locke, oped nism as Bentham, Mill, and eighteenth Toward issue and Helvetius, centuries. in the seventeenth nism of the past. outcomes would actions tend to this past would that led to positive tend to be repeated, whereas outcomes that led to negative Past actions Thorndike he end of the nineteenth the century, to migrate of motivation from the began to the newly realm of philosophy sci emerging ence of psychology. Challenges immediately arose over the use of hedonism as the basis for the study of motivation. donism had no that clear-cut were specificat ion pleasurable or (1911) re of effect, while Hull was that effort or motivation (1943) suggested largely determined by drive X habit. Skinner later built on these (1953) and others con with the introduction of op? rant principles to by some as reinforcement (referred ditioning ferred to diminish. s the law theories), arguing learn contingent and their that, over relationships and consequences future behavior. guide to thrive individuals time, actions between that these contin As Vroom explains, he of the painful, type or of even events how gencies models vehicles continue these events could be determined for a particular nor did it make clear how persons individual; of ways of attaining their conceptions acquired pleasure pain might the hedonistic or pain, or how be modified assumption the by or source of pleasure In short, experience. no empirical con has or understanding as well job performance, various management performance 2003). (e. g. , Komaki, While psychologists Reinforcem ent as explanatory today work motivation and as in the workplace in programs tent and was untestable (1964: 10). scientists search As a result, behavioral began to ex for more based models ing empirically plain motivation. were these early models instinct the Among as those proposed ories, such by James, Freud, and McDougall. Instead these rational, highly much behavior resulted as McDougall â€Å"an tion inherited which attention an or innate determined ere on in focusing were on stincts and drives, managers focusing more pragmatic issues. A key development here was the work of Frederick and his col Taylor move in the scientific management leagues ment. industrial engineering of (1911), along with many background, Taylor on the in his associates, focused his attention in an increas efficiencies of factory production Coming ingly posed industrialized a new and workers age. These colleagues pro to paternalistic approach that relied on a combination from an that argued from instinct, defined by f viewing theorists behavior as psychological its possessor of a certain excitement predisposi to perceive, of an class, a partic object, manner to or pay experience ular quality and to act to, objects emotional upon in regard such perceiving to it in a particular (1908: 4). James cluded jealousy, identified a list of such instincts sociability, that in managing of job training, incentive pay-for-performance tech selection systems, employee improved and the intro niques, job redesign, including duction of ergonomics.Far from being exploit saw ative in intent, Taylor and his associates as an economic to scientific boon management the use both workers and management through in of improved manufacturing techniques, re and creased shared operating efficiency, the subsequent rise of an in workforce, creasingly sophisticated coupled to maximize with efforts company productivity re without increasing simultaneously employee wards. However, to discredit served this sys wards, ev entually to the widespread rise of unioniza tem, leading in the 1930s. ion efforts social scientists and managers Meanwhile, to consider the role of social influences began on behavior in the 1930s. The role of group dy as com to view employees namics and the need plex beings ences were with multiple as recognized motivational powerful influ influences locomotion, curiosity, and sympathy. fear, as in around the 1920s, however, Beginning to creased of the theory limitations began to be replaced instinct theories emerge, began on drive or reinforcement.Led based by models as Thorndike, Wood by such psychologists worth, the theorists introduced and Hull, drive in motivated of learning and behavior or fu that decisions concerning present posited are ture behaviors influenced largely by the concept with past of rewards associated consequences to this as hedo behavior. (1954) referred Allport 2004 Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro 381 re these Best noted among performance. are Mayo's and Roeth search endeavors (1933) Bendix and Dickson's (1939) works. isberger of this contribution summarized the principle movement that human relations by observing as human to treat workers the â€Å"failure beings on came poor in and, thus, has found considerable popularity on individual to work factors relating research motivation. and their col While Maslow and McClelland on the role of individual differ focused leagues in motivation, (1966; Herzberg, Herzberg to under & Snyderman, Mausner, 1959) sought activities how work of and the nature stand and performance. ne's job influence motivation ar In his motivation-hygiene theory, Herzberg is largely influenced that work motivation gued a job is intrinsically to which the extent chal by for recogni and provides opportunities lenging saw the con tion and reinforcement. Herzberg a job (which he referred text surrounding to as as being in far more factors) temporal hygiene terms of leading to satisfaction and future moti vation. Herzberg de serves credit for introducing the field to the role of job design? specifically, a key factor in work motiva job enrichment? s tion and Hackman extended work job attitudes. and Oldham this line of In subsequent work, have (1976) and others as it relates to research ences to be regarded craftsmanship, as the cause of low morale, and con unresponsiveness, fusion† (1956:294). McGregor (1960) later built on this in his classic early work, The Human Side mo been prin with of Enterprise. new models of work By the 1950s, several tivation emerged, have which collectively to as conten? since their referred theories, to identify aim was factors associated cipal is Maslow's here motivation.Included need (1954) that, as suggests hierarchy theory, which their way individuals up a develop, they work on the fulfillment of a series of based hierarchy needs, including physiological, and esteem, security, belongingness, that the first Maslow self-actualization. argued on the list represent thre e needs deficiency before needs that people must master they can into a healthy while the personality, develop to two represent needs that relate growth of and the development achievement individual human Alderfer (1972) later adapted potential. o encompass exis this model just three needs: last tence, relatedness, A second need introduced growth. theory of the same (1938) but more by Murray and era, first prioritized safety and and motivation, design, job performance, Deci while others, (1975; Ryan & Deci, including theories 2000), have articulated focusing specif versus on task-based intrinsic extrinsic ically in motivation factors (e. g. , self-determination theory). fully de veloped by McClelland (1961, 1971), ignored the THE â€Å"GOLDENAGE† OF WORK MOTIVATION THEORIES n the mid to 1960s, a new approach Beginning the study of work motivation which emerged, on delineating focused the processes underly contrast Process theories ing work motivation. content with the earlier theories, which sharply on identifying focused factors associated with in a relatively motivation static environment. view work motivation Process theorists from a dynamic tionships to human and look for causal rela perspective across as they relate time and events in the workplace. ehavior to the process is a series Central theory genre of cognitive motivation theories of that collec to understand the thought pro tively attempt cesses in determining that people go through to behave theories on and focused instead of a hierarchy concept of an array of distinct the motivational potency achieve defined and clearly needs, including and autonomy. McClel ment, affiliation, power, at any given individuals land argued time, that, that often needs several possess competing serve to motivate when activated.This behavior contrasts notion of a steady pro with Maslow's over time up a hypothetical gression hierarchy as individuals grow and mature. By far, most of on in McClelland's model focuse d the attention (defined as behavior of with a standard directed toward competition as a need to and power excellence) (defined over one's environment). have control McClel the needs for achievement a land's conceptualization offered researchers as they related to set of clearly needs defined to Maslow's in contrast behavior, workplace more abstract for conceptualizations (e. g. , need versus achievement need for self-actualization) n the workplace. In our view, the the late 1960s and generated during 1970s make this period of a early something theories. Never â€Å"golden age† of work motivation never since has before and, some would argue, how 382 Academy of Management Review July in explicating been made the progress of work motivation. etiology best known of the cognitive theories Perhaps is expectancy (or expectancy-valence) theory. from the early work Expectancy theory derives saw be of Lewin (1938) and Tolman (1959), who havior based as purposeful, on conscious and lar gely goal directed, intentions. Vroom (1964) pre formulation of ex systematic o much several models emerging ences on work motivation of cross-cultural influ and job performance & of 1982; Earley, 1997; Steers (Bhagat & McQuaid, 2001; Triandis, Sanchez-Runde, 1995). to expectancy In addition theory, a number other theories of work moti important cognitive vation have been since the 1960s, developed its own focus. Adams each with (1963), for exam ple, how em equity theory to explain both cognitively and behavior ployees respond to perceived in the workplace unfairness ally & Colwell, 2003, and Weick, (see also Mowday introduced sented the first to the workplace. ectancy theory as it related He argued that employees tend to rationally various evaluate work behaviors on-the-job those be harder) and then choose (e. g. , working haviors believe will lead to their most val they ued work-related rewards and outcomes the attractiveness Thus, promotion). ular task and the energy invested a g reat deal on the extent pend employee to valued Porter believes outcomes. and its accomplishment (e. g. , a of a partic in it will de to which the will lead & Maruyama, that 1976). Adams Bougon, argued both conditions of underpayment and overpay can ment influence behavior.Re subsequent cent work on procedural and distributive justice further develops this area using the fundamen tal concept of equity and its consequences (Cro & Rupp, 2003; Folger, 1986; Greenberg, panzano & McFarlin, 1993; Sweeney 1993). in the late Goal-setting theory also emerged as researchers to discover that the 1960s, began simple hanced Steers showed goal act of specifying en for behavior targets task performance 1968, 1996; (Locke, in this arena & Porter, 1974). Research and specificity, goal difficulty, to enhance each served task on numerous Based empiricalLawler Vroom's (1968) expanded to recognize the role of individual initial work differences abilities and skills) (e. g. , employee in linking and role clarity job job effort to actual Porter and performance. the relationship between Lawler also clarified and sub performance that this relation satisfaction, sequent arguing of the ship is mediated by the extent and quality in exchange receive rewards for employees job performance. a Finally, feedback that goal commitment Porter and to recog incorporated loop nize learning about past relation by employees in the That is, if superior ships. erformance to lead to superior failed future rewards, past effort may suffer as incentives and the employee in the employee's reward system lose credibility good Lawler eyes. performance. Locke and Latham studies, (1990) subsequently a formal theory of goal setting. proposed Earley a time dimension to and Erez (1991) later added this Rosse topic by on examining motivation, the role of cognitive and processing while Crown a number its initial of Since publication, or further refine to extend have worked scholars to re the basic framework expectancy cognitive research and new theo flect emerging findings retical developments 1990; Mitch (e. . , Kanfer, For example, ell, 1997). expectancy theory has to study forms of work behavior been used other than job performance, ab including employee citizen and organizational turnover, senteeism, Porter, & 1977; Mowday, (Mobley, ship behavior 1973; Steers, 1982; Organ, 1988; Porter & Steers, have also Steers & Rhodes, 1978). Researchers and social influences linked group expectations to individual decisions work motivation (Porter, Lawler, ancy & Hackman, principles have basic expect 1975). Finally, into been incorporated the role of group goals, in (1995) examined on performance. o individual addition goals, of goal-setting Applications theory in the form of individual and team management-by-objectives are now used widely in programs throughout (Ambrose & Kulik, 1999). dustry saw significant this period Finally, develop on the role of social ments focusing cognition on behavior and self -efficacy and performance as Bandura such researchers by leading a social Bandura (1977a,b, 1997). cog proposed nitive that self-confidence suggesting theory, to lies at the heart of an individual's incentive a major act or to be proactive. fter Indeed, on social review of the research literature cog nition and self-efficacy, and Luthans Stajkovic for the (1998, 2003) found considerable support in determining role of self-efficacy work as moder related particularly performance, ated by task complexity and locus of control. 2004 Sfeers, Mowday, and Shapiro 383 Based posed place izational research, this extending a model through behavior. on this Luthans concept labeled (2001) has pro into the work positive organ An outside this situation in the subject cause it is no izations) observer that either rom conclude might we have lost interest be of work motivation (perhaps in organ issue longer a pressing or that we solved the work motivation the con con its RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WORK MO TIVATION Many and 1970s and pool cated nessed of the have ideas emerging from the 1960s been subsequently to reflect an further developed and more of research findings research a series methods. extended thereby eliminating problem long ago, for additional work. Neither of these need seems the clusions On very plausible. economy, trary, and e-commerce, dot. oms, as the more ization (as well facturing is force and service in the new replete increased traditional a motivated a with global manu work Indeed, of refinements and extensions For expanded sophisti the 1980s wit of researchers existing example, in conceptual made great strides developments on social and empirical work learning focusing on in new work focusing theory, as they did systems, innovation and justice, punishment, procedural on work influences and cross-cultural creativity, behavior. interest However, by the 1990s, intellectual in work motivation least as mea theory? t goal-setting theory, job design, sured cline sid er by journal precipitously. the number articles publications? seemed As evidence of theoretical of to de this, con to be reward theories. hallmark of frequently MIT econo Indeed, competitive advantage. over a de mist Lester Thurow (1992) observed cade that successful (and ago companies countries) principally nology vated will on compete the quality their human in the future their based tech of both resources. firms), as cited A moti and a critical workforce becomes strategic in such asset then, has Why, competition. so little intellectual there been focus activity we have ing on this important topic? Perhaps the breakthrough ideas that can yet to develop level of understanding. push us to the next on work mo While theoretical developments tivation in recent have declined may years, the world ? f work has changed dramatically. one can argue that the past decade Indeed, has witnessed other than any are both Companies and expanding (often at downsizing or levels in different the same divisions time, is character of the hierarchy). The workforce ized by increased with diver diversity highly and demands.Information technol gent needs both the manner ogy has changed frequently and location tional forms of work (such now published over the past decade journals & Kulik, & 1999, or Mitchell find few articles that You will Daniels, 2002). in focus on genuine theoretical developments see minor area. exten will this Instead, you empirical) science havioral see Ambrose (e. g. , sions, tests, or applications empirical ing theories. While clearly helpful, to breakthrough leads developments of exist this hardly in our (as opposed in leading greater decade workplace in memory. changes of the principles understanding underlying work motivation.At the same of time, a review recent in the the most editions of textbooks field of management and organizational be havior that most of the theories dis reveals cussed date from the 1960s and 1970s, with to more recent work. references only fleeting curious that some early motivation (It is also theories been widely that have subsequently to permeate continue discredited such texts. ) In short, while of management other fields negotiations, tion design) decision (e. g. , leadership, making, and teams, and organiza groups to develop continue conceptually, substantive theoretical focus developments on work motivation have not kept pace. ng research activities. as those New found Teams organiza in e-com are re merce) are commonplace. as of hierarchy, distributions. of power is on the rise. Managing workers contingent to perplex continues workers expe knowledge across rienced managers industries. divergent And globalization of man and the challenges defining traditional the notion aging stead across borders are now the norm in of the exception. as well The use 3 See 2003) focusing a key strategic mance. a special on issue the asset o? Harvard Business Review (January as of employee motivation importance in competition and corporate perfor 84 Academy of Management Review July can have a profound These changes influence on how companies to attract, retain, and attempt motivate their employees. Yet we lack new mod in of guiding behavior capable managerial this new era of work. As Cappelli â€Å"Most notes, observers of the corporate world believe that the traditional between and relationship employer is gone, but there is little understand employee it ended and even is less about what ing of why els that relationship† We believe (1999: 1). our intellec to redirect time has come new models? and into discovering tual energies new models? f work motiva research toward commensurate tion and with job performance replacing that the this new era. tions work plete, more theories. more for developing complex motivation that are more valid, broader useful in scope, and, to practitioners theories of more com by implication, than existing In the second, Yitzhak Fried and Linda Haynes examine in which ti me factors can Slowik ways influence and job perfor processes goal-setting mance in work that organizations. They argue the addition of time as a key variable in goal and validity setting theory adds to its dynamism in helping in in behavior explain employee creasingly environments. omplex, continually evolving work THE ROAD AHEAD With this for papers motivation. in mind, in 2001 AMR issued a call on the topic of the future of work was A special seminar held at the Next, Myeong-Gu Seo, Lisa Feldman Barrett, and Jean M. Bartunek draw on both psychologi cal and neurobiological of core affec theories a set of direct and tive experiences to identify indirect paths affec through which work-related can influence tive feelings three dimensions of behavioral and direction, intensity, to direct In addition af influence, persistence. an also influence behavior fective experiences on goal level their effects indirectly, through and goal commitment, as well of motivation as on components judgme nt expectancy, utility, and progress. L. Ackerman Ruth Kanfer and Phillip then use to fa and adult development theories life-span an understanding cilitate of the implications of on workplace motivation. aging aging Although as leading to declining is generally viewed cog nitive these au and intellectual capabilities, thors argue that this view may be overly sim is a more that aging Instead, plistic. hey argue in which process, cognitive complex declining are accompanied in other abilities by growth intellectual of motives abilities, reorganization traits. and goals, and changing personality mo how aging influences Fully understanding a comprehensive tivation, therefore, requires com of the different and often understanding taking changes this, Naomi Following and S. Alexander Gilder, pensatory place. Ellemers, Haslam Dick de use self the key to relating outcomes: of the Academy of Manage 2001 annual meeting ment to stimulate in the interest and discussion to the call, researchers I n response sub topic. ere mitted subse which papers, fifty-six of space reviewed. quently the journal, many papers worthy accommodated. However, following view six papers emerged cycles, offer new and useful ideas and future directions of the topic. What these for the theoretical In view could limitations not multiple that seem insights development of be re to into in common is a have papers on existing to build of effort theories genuine work motivation and extending by adapting con of the changing them to fit the realities is temporary Today's workplace workplace. hort-term characterized by an increasingly variable, performance among increasing employ interdependence ees in some form of team (often manifested to affective responses evolving organization), the workplace value increasing experience, on the part of employees, conflicts and motive nature of the transitory and a clear recognition focus, of careers. time as a critical six papers a variety address our understanding The t ivation Edwin A. Locke in this special issue appearing to advancing of issues critical of motivation theory and mo social pro categorization theory and identity cesses to examine in which ndividual the ways to determine interact work and group processes in organizations motivation. The fact that work around increasingly organized to understand it is important gests influence how work is teams how sug groups The first paper, by on focuses P. Latham, on work moti of metatheories the development six recommenda vation. These authors present in the workplace. and Gary motivation. Their paper can have in groups participation explores a power 2004 Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro 385 on motivation ful influence can be understood what by on individual-level effects. Finally, Hugo lines of research the influences and bove focusing and beyond Crown, D. F. , & Rosse, J. G. 1995. Yours, through mine the and ours: exclusively several Deci, Facilitating of individual and Human group productivity and g roup goals. Decision Processes, motivation. Organizational 64: 138-150. New York: social across integration Behavior M. Kehr synthesizes on motivation by E. L. 1975. Intrinsic P. C. 1997. Face, Plenum. structure: cultures. An New of explicit and on motivation abilities perceived model. using a compensatory workplace answer some model intriguing, helps solved examining implicit motives in the Kehr's unreEarley, of organizational analysis York: Oxford University Earley, P. C, and & Erez, norms: models. M. and harmony, behavior Press. 1991. Time role Journal of dependency effects processing of on 76: individual questions concerning goal at tainment and why self-set goals may sometimes be nonmotivating. to the these papers contribute Throughout, research and theo long tradition of substantive in the field of work motiva retical development tion that benefit both organizational researchers and practicing alike. managers goals motivational 717-727. 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Work motivation. Bulletin, F. , & Dickson, Cambridge, K. E. Bougon, context. M. G. , & Maru yama, Behavior J. 1939. Management Harvard University mance, Organizational 15: 32-65. Richard College California cultural Richard quist M. Steers is the Kazumitsu University His current Shiomi of Oregon. research Professor He received of Business, at Irvine. of Management his Ph. D. from in the Lundquist the University of and cross focuses on employee motivation management. T. Mowday is the Gerald B. Bashaw Professor of Management received his and research in the Lund Ph. D. on from leadership the of Business, College at of California University in organizations. University Irvine andHe of Oregon. focuses his teaching Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro Debra ment L. Shapiro, the Willard Graham of Manage Professor formerly Distinguished at UNC-Chapel is now professor of management in the and organization Hill, R. H. Smith School at College of Business, of Maryland Park, and a member University of the Academy of Management's Board of Governors. She her Ph. D. received from conflict Her Univ ersity. in organizations that the cross-cultural challenges research tend of managing focuses on issues regarding employee how to motivate to manage behaviors and Northwestern unproductive conflict effectively.